general information

Among the Egyptian pyramids there are huge and more modest scales, with a smooth surface and stepped ones, which are very well preserved and resemble a pile of ruins. They can be observed in Saqqara and Memphis, Khawara and Upper Egypt, Medum and Abusir, El Lahun and Abu Ravash. However, only a few are considered the main tourist sites, namely the pyramids in Giza, a suburb of the Egyptian capital, erected, as is commonly believed, during the reign of the IV-VI dynasties of the pharaohs, which fell on the XXVI-XXIII centuries BC. e.

Looking at these grandiose creations of human hands, one involuntarily thinks: how much time and effort was spent on the construction of such structures, which seem - at least in their scale - absolutely useless. Either the pharaohs who ruled 45 centuries ago thereby wanted to emphasize their own divinity and the greatness of their era, or these structures contain some hidden meaning that is still inaccessible to our understanding. But it is difficult to comprehend it, because the secrets are securely hidden under the layer of millennia, and we have no choice but to build guesses and versions, hoping that sooner or later all the secret will definitely become clear ...

Secrets of the Egyptian pyramids

The Egyptian pyramids are shrouded in a halo of myths and secrets, and with the passage of time and the development of science, there are still more questions than answers. As the proverb says: "Everything in the world is afraid of time, but time itself is afraid of the pyramids." Interest is fueled by various theories about the appearance of these majestic monuments. Fans of the mystical consider the pyramids to be powerful energy sources and believe that the pharaohs spent time in them not only after death, but also during their lifetime in order to draw strength. There are also completely incredible ideas: for example, some believe that the Egyptian pyramids were built by aliens, and others that the blocks were moved by people who own a magic crystal. Let's look at the generally accepted and most likely scenario.

Religion in the life of ancient Egypt occupied a dominant position. It shaped both the worldview of the people and their entire culture. Death was perceived only as a transition to another world, so preparation for it had to take place ahead of time, even during earthly life. However, the privilege of remaining "immortal" was, as it was believed, only with the pharaoh and members of his family. And he, at his own discretion, could bestow it on his entourage. Commoners were deprived of the right to an afterlife, with the exception of servants and slaves, whom the powerful ruler "took" with him. Nothing should have interfered with the comfortable "existence" of a high-ranking deceased, so he was supplied with everything necessary - food supplies, household utensils, weapons, servants.

At first, the rulers were buried in special "houses after life", and in order for the body of the pharaoh to be preserved for centuries, he was embalmed. These early burial buildings - mastabas - date back to the period of the first dynasties. They consisted of an underground burial chamber and an above-ground part in the form of a stone structure, where chapels were equipped and grave goods were located. In section, these tombs resembled a trapezoid. They were built in Abydos, Nagadei, Upper Egypt. The main necropolis of the then capital of the first dynasties - the city of Memphis - was located in Saqqara.

Actually, pyramidal tombs began to be erected about 5 thousand years ago. The initiator of their construction was Pharaoh Djoser (or Necherihet), the first in the III dynasty of the Old Kingdom. The construction of the necropolis named after this ruler was led by the supreme dignitary and famous architect of his time, Imhotep, who was almost equated with a deity. If we discard all the fantastic versions about the contacts of the then rulers with aliens and proceed from the fact that these structures were nevertheless built by people on their own, then the scale of work, their laboriousness cannot but impress. Experts tried to establish their chronology and nature, and here are the results they came up with. Since the pyramids are made of stone blocks, the question immediately arose: where and how were they mined? It turned out, in the rocks ...

Having marked the shape in the rock and hollowed out the grooves, dry trees were inserted into them, which were watered with water. From moisture, they expanded and created cracks in the rock, facilitating the process of excavating blocks. Then they were immediately, on the spot, subjected to processing with tools and, having given the desired shape, they were sent by river to the construction site. But how did the Egyptians lift these heavy masses up? First, they were loaded onto wooden sleds and pulled along gentle embankments. By modern standards, such technologies look backward. However, the quality of work is top notch! The megaliths are so closely adjacent to each other that there are practically no mismatches.

The Pyramid of Djoser, located in Saqqara, is considered the very first pyramid in Egypt and the oldest of such large stone structures surviving in the world (its size is 125 by 115 meters with a height of 62 meters). It was built in 2670 BC. e. and has the appearance of a building with six huge lined steps. Because of such an unusual shape, it was called the “false pyramid” in those distant times. The pyramid of Djoser began to attract the attention of travelers since the Middle Ages, and this interest has not dried up to this day.

The architect initially did not plan to build such a pyramid. The stepped tomb became in the process of construction. In the presence of steps, a symbolic meaning is clearly guessed: the deceased pharaoh was supposed to ascend to heaven along them. This structure differed from previous necropolises in that it was built of stone, not brick. And one more feature: the presence of a very wide and deep vertical shaft, closed from above by a dome. In the pyramids built later, there is nothing of the kind. Of no less interest to archaeologists and Egyptologists are the marble fragments under the sarcophagus, on which carved images resembling stars are visible. These are clearly fragments of some unknown structure, but no one knows exactly which one.

The Pyramid of Djoser was intended not only for himself, and in this it also differs from other similar structures. In the burial chambers, there are only 12 of them, the ruler and members of his family were buried. Archaeologists discovered the mummy of an 8-9-year-old boy, apparently a son. But the body of the pharaoh himself could not be found. Perhaps he owned the mummified heel found here. Even in ancient times, it is believed that robbers entered the tomb, probably abducting its dead "owner" as well.

However, the version of the robbery does not seem so unambiguous. When examining the inner galleries, gold jewelry, porphyry bowls, clay and stone jugs and other valuables were found. Why didn't the thieves carry all this wealth? Historians were also interested in the seals affixed to small clay vessels. The name “Sekemhet” was written on them, translated as “mighty in body”. It clearly belonged to an unknown pharaoh of one of the powerful dynasties. Everything indicated that in ancient times the construction of another pyramid was started here, but for some reason it was not completed. They even found an empty sarcophagus, the internal state of which allowed us to conclude that no one was buried here ...

As for the pyramid of Djoser itself, the attraction has been well preserved to this day and is open to tourists. The entrance to it, as well as to other structures on the territory, is located on the north side. A tunnel equipped with columns leads inside. The northern temple, whose location on the ground is clear from the name itself, is one with the pyramid. architectural ensemble. Funeral services were held in it and sacrifices were made in the name of the pharaoh.

Egyptian pyramids at Giza

The most famous among all the Egyptian pyramids are the so-called great pyramids, located in Giza - the third largest city in the modern Arab Republic of Egypt, with a population of almost 3 million people. The metropolis is spread over west bank Nile, about 20 km from Cairo and is a de facto suburb of the capital.

The Great Pyramids of Giza are by far the most popular ancient monuments in the country. For many years, visiting them has become almost a ritual for tourists. Fly to Egypt and not see these majestic structures with your own eyes? This is unimaginable! Many travelers even consider this place spiritual, connected with the cosmos, and visiting here becomes akin to some kind of healing. Recent studies have shown that the builders of the necropolises pointed them surprisingly accurately to the belt of the constellation Orion, in which there is an as yet unrevealed meaning. It is also interesting that their faces are oriented to the sides of the sun, and this is done with the same accuracy.

The Egyptian pyramids at Giza are undoubtedly an extremely impressive sight. Their sandstone façades reflect the sunlight: pink in the morning, golden in the afternoon, and dark crimson at dusk. It is impossible not to admire the feat of engineering and organization that resulted in millions of stone blocks being transported from one place to another and accurately stacked on top of each other without power plants or lifting equipment.

The complex of the great pyramids is made up of the tombs of the three most ancient rulers - Cheops, Khafre and Mykerin. Unlike the previous "houses after life" (makabs), these necropolises have a strict pyramidal shape. Moreover, the first of them is the only one of the seven wonders of the world that have survived to this day.

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

You can talk about the pyramid of Cheops (or Khufu) for a long time, but the story will be incomplete in any case, because it continues to keep many unsolved secrets. One of them is the orientation to the North Pole exactly along the meridian: with its top, the monumental structure “looks” at the North Star. It is amazing how ancient architects could make such accurate calculations without modern astronomical instruments. This accuracy has even less error than the famous Paris Observatory.

Cheops, the second pharaoh of the fourth dynasty of Ancient Egypt, who reigned for 27 years, has the glory of a cruel and despotic ruler. He literally exhausted the resources of his kingdom, directing them to the construction of the pyramid. He was also merciless to his people, forcing them to overwork on the construction of his posthumous "dwelling". The Great Pyramid was built in three stages, as evidenced by the corresponding number of chambers. The first, its area is 8 by 14 meters, was carved deep into the rock, the second (5.7 x 5.2 m) - under the top of the pyramid. The third chamber - it is the only one of them completed - and became the tomb of the pharaoh. Special mention should be made of her. It stretches 10.4 m from west to east, and 5.2 m from south to north. Granite slabs, with which the room is lined, fit perfectly to each other. Nine monolithic blocks form the ceiling, their total weight is 400 tons.

Each cell has its own “hallway” connected to adjacent shaft corridors. At first, the entrance to the tomb was located on the north side and was located above the base at a height of 25 meters. Currently, you can enter the pyramid from another place, and this entrance is not so high. The builders could hardly have imagined that after several thousand years their brainchild would become a tourist attraction, so the 40-meter corridor was made not only narrow, but also low. Numerous tourists have to overcome it by crouching. The corridor ends with a wooden staircase. It leads to the same low room, which is the center of the entire necropolis.

The height of the pyramid of Cheops is more than 146 meters - this is the "growth" of a 50-story skyscraper. After the Great Chinese wall it is she who is the largest structure ever erected in all of human history. The attraction is not in "loneliness", there are several other buildings around it. Of these, only three companion pyramids and the ruins of the mortuary temple have survived to this day. Obviously, no less effort was made to build them. According to the most common version, the companion pyramids were intended for the wives of the ruler.

Pyramid of Khafre (Khafra)

A pharaoh named Khafre was either the son or brother of Cheops and reigned after him. His pyramid, located nearby, is somewhat smaller, however, at first glance, it is perceived as more significant. And all because it stands on some elevation. The Pyramid of Khafre was found during the archaeological sites in 1860. The tomb of this ancient Egyptian ruler is “protected” by the famous Sphinx, which looks like a lion lying on the sand, whose face may have been given the features of Khafre himself. Being the oldest of the monumental sculptures preserved on our planet (its length is 72 m, height is 20 m), it is interesting in itself. Egyptologists tend to think that the tombs of the two pharaohs, together with the sphinx, represent a single burial complex. Slaves, it is believed, were not involved in the construction of this pyramid: free workers were hired for this purpose ...

Top of Khafre's pyramid

Pyramid of Menkaure (Menkaure)

And finally, the pyramid of Menkaure is the third in the complex of great monuments of Giza. Also known as the Pyramid of Menkaure, it bears the name of the fifth pharaoh of the fourth ancient Egyptian dynasty. Little is known about this ruler - only that he was the son of Cheops (at least, the ancient Greek historian Herodotus claimed so). This necropolis is called the "younger brother" of the two aforementioned tombs: it was built later than the others and the lowest of them, its height is slightly more than 65 meters. Such a modest size testifies to the decline of the ancient kingdom, the lack of resources necessary for the construction.

However, the monumentality of the structure as such did not suffer from this. For example, the weight of one of the blocks used in the construction of the mortuary temple exceeds 200 tons, which makes it the heaviest on the Giza plateau. Just imagine what inhuman efforts had to be made to put this colossus in place. And the majestic statue of the pharaoh himself, seated inside the temple! It is one of the largest sculptures embodying that mysterious era ... The destruction of the entire historical and architectural complex in Giza, conceived by Sultan al-Malik al-Aziz, who ruled at the end of the 12th century, could begin from the pyramid of Mikerin, as the smallest. The dismantling of the necropolis lasted about a year, but the practical result was minimal. The Sultan was eventually forced to turn them off, because his, frankly, stupid and unjustified undertaking entailed exorbitant costs.

Sphinx

At the base of the sacred causeway that once connected the pyramid of Khafre with the Nile, there is the Sphinx - a mysterious sculpture with the head of Khafre attached to a lion's body. In Egyptian mythology, sphinxes were guardian deities, and this sculpture is a protective monument 73 m long and 20 m high. After the death of the pharaoh, the body of the Sphinx was gradually covered with desert sands. Thutmose IV believed that the statue addressed him and said that he would become pharaoh if he cleared the sand, which he hastened to do. Since then, the ancient Egyptians believed that the monument had prophetic powers.

Solar Boat Museum

Behind the pyramid of Cheops is the Museum of the Solar Boat, which houses a beautifully restored cedar boat, on which the body of the dead pharaoh was transported from the east to the west bank of the Nile.

Useful information for tourists

The Great Pyramid Complex of Giza is open to the public from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm daily. The exceptions are the winter months (opening hours until 16:30) and the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, when access closes at 15:00.

Some travelers believe that if the pyramids are located under open sky and are not a museum in the truest sense of the word, then here you can feel free, climb and climb these structures. Remember: it is strictly forbidden to do this - in the interests of your own safety!

Before agreeing to enter the pyramids, objectively assess your psychological state and physical health. For people who are afraid closed spaces(claustrophobia), this part of the tour is best skipped. Due to the fact that inside the tombs it is usually dry, hot and a little dusty, it is not recommended to enter here for asthmatics, hypertensive patients and those suffering from other diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous system.

How much will a tourist visit the Egyptian pyramids area? Cost has several components. Entrance ticket it will cost you 60 Egyptian pounds, which is equivalent to about 8 euros. Would you like to visit the pyramid of Cheops? For this you will have to pay 100 pounds or 13 euros. Inspection from the inside of the Khafre pyramid is much cheaper - 20 pounds or 2.60 euros.

A visit to the Solar Boat Museum, which is located south of the Cheops Pyramid (40 pounds or 5 euros), is also paid separately. Taking pictures in the pyramid zone is allowed, but for the right to take pictures you will have to pay 1 euro. Visiting other pyramids in Giza - for example, the mother and wife of Pharaoh Khafre - is not paid.

Many tourists admit that, after getting to know the main attractions, leaving this amazing place, literally saturated with the spirit of antiquity, you don’t want to at all. In such cases, you can rent camels for leisurely walks. Their owners wait for clients right at the foot of the pyramids. They may overcharge for their services. Do not settle for it right away, bargain, and you will get a discount.

• The Pyramid of Cheops is the only surviving wonder of the world.
• The pyramids were built for two centuries and were built several at a time. Now, according to the studies of various scientists, their age is from 4 to 10 thousand years.
• In addition to the exact mathematical proportions, the pyramids have another feature in this area. The stone blocks are arranged in such a way that there are no gaps between them at all, even the thinnest blade will not fit through.
• Each side of the pyramid is located in the direction of one side of the world.
• The Pyramid of Cheops, the largest in the world, reaches a height of 146 meters, and its weight is more than six million tons.
• If you want to know how the Egyptian pyramids were built, Interesting Facts construction can be learned from the pyramids themselves. Construction scenes are depicted on the walls of the aisles. The faces of the pyramids are curved by one meter so that they can accumulate solar energy. Thanks to this, the pyramids could reach thousands of degrees and emit an incomprehensible rumble from such incandescence.
• For the pyramid of Cheops, a perfectly straight foundation was made, so the faces differ from each other by only five centimeters.
• The first pyramid built is dated 2670 BC. e. In appearance, it resembles several pyramids located next to each other. The architect created a type of masonry that helped achieve this effect.
• The pyramid of Cheops was created from 2.3 million blocks, perfectly even and matching each other.
• Structures similar to the Egyptian pyramids are also found in Sudan, where the tradition was later picked up.
• Archaeologists managed to find the village where the pyramid builders lived. A brewery and a bakery were discovered there.

Camels in front of the Pyramids of Giza

How to get there

Tourists from Russia and the CIS countries usually prefer to spend their holidays in Sharm el-Sheikh or Hurghada and often want to combine their holidays on magnificent beaches with a visit to the Giza pyramid complex. Since the resorts are far enough from the named city, you can only get there as part of an excursion group. If you go by bus, then you will have to spend from 6 to 8 hours on the way. By plane it will be faster: fly in just 60 minutes. It can also be reached by car with a driver. It is much more comfortable, but it will significantly hit the wallet.

In a more advantageous position are those who rest in Cairo, or stay in the Egyptian capital on a business trip. They can take the bus (routes nos. 900 and 997) or the subway (yellow line no. 2, exit at Giza station). Alternatively, you can call a taxi or catch one at Tahrir Square. The trip will cost more than public transport, but you will get there faster, in just half an hour. By the same car it will be possible to return and back, only you will have to pay a little more.

You can get to Giza from the capital by taking a bus in the New Cairo (aka Heliopolis) area, which follows one of two routes: No. 355 or No. 357. These comfortable vehicles, plying every 20 minutes, are marked with the letters STA, by which they are easy to recognize. The final stop is just before the entrance to the pyramid zone, at the crossroads.

The Egyptian pyramids are the tombs of the Egyptian pharaohs. The largest of them - the pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Mikerin in El Giza in ancient times were considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The construction of the pyramid, in which the Greeks and Romans already saw a monument to the unprecedented pride of kings and cruelty, which doomed the entire Egyptian people to senseless construction, was the most important cult act and was supposed to express, apparently, the mystical identity of the country and its ruler.

The people worked on the construction of the pyramids in the part of the year free from agricultural work. Texts have survived that testify to the attention and care that the kings themselves (albeit of later times) paid to the construction of their tomb and its builders. It is also known about the special cult honors that were given to the pyramid itself.

Description of the most famous pyramids (briefly)

The Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu), the Great Pyramid is the face of the Egyptian pyramids and the largest building of antiquity, gives rise to many secrets and legends around itself. It took two decades to build the pyramid. Construction time IV dynasty 2600 BC. e. Located in Giza. The original height is 146.60 m, today it is 138.75 m. The dimensions of the base are 230 m. It was the largest building in the world for more than 4,000 years.

The pyramid has not one, but three funerary halls. One of them is located below ground level, and two are above the base line. Intertwining corridors lead to the burial chambers. It is possible to walk along them to the chamber of the pharaoh, to the chamber of his wife and to the lower hall. The chamber of the pharaoh is a chamber made of pink granite, 10 x 5 m in size. A granite sarcophagus without a lid is installed in it. Not a single report of the researchers mentioned the found mummies, therefore it is not known whether Cheops was buried here. It should be noted that the mummy of Cheops was not found in other tombs either.

After the Great Wall of China, it is she who is the largest structure that has ever been erected in the history of mankind.

The second most important is the pyramid of Khafre, the son of Cheops. It was found during archaeological excavations in 1860. The tomb of this ancient Egyptian king is “guarded” by the famous Sphinx, which looks like a lion lying on the sand, whose face may have been given the features of Khafre himself. Near the pyramid of Khafre there is a separate pyramid for his wife, a temple, a port and a wall of protection.

The estimated time of the construction of the pyramid is the middle of the 26th century BC. e. It was built on a 10-meter plateau, so it seems higher than the pyramid of Cheops, but this is not entirely true. The original height is 143.9 m, today it is 136.4 m. The dimensions of the base are 210.5 m. The pyramid was decorated with a pink granite pyramidion, which is now lost. We have no information about whether the granite was decorated with limestone, gypsum or gold.

The third great pyramid is the Pyramid of Menkaure (also known as the "Pyramid of Menkaur"). It is the smallest of them, and was built later than others. Construction time IV dynasty (approximately 2540-2520 BC) The original height is 65.55 m, today it is 62 m. The dimensions of the base are 102.2 × 104.6 m. According to eyewitnesses, the pyramid Menkaura was the most beautiful of all the pyramids. For works of sculpture during the reign of Menkaur, it was characteristic highest quality artistic performance. In addition, the pyramid of Menkaure marked the end of the era of the great pyramids. All subsequent buildings were small in size.

The Step Pyramid of Djoser is one of the largest in Egypt. Time of construction III Dynasty (approximately 2650 BC). It is located in the village of Sakkara, and was erected for Pharaoh Djoser by Imhotep himself. The original height is 62.5 m, today it is 62 m. The size of the pyramid is 125 m × 115 m. This is the first pyramid in Egypt, and it is very well preserved.

Initially, Imhotep was going to create an ordinary stone mastaba (rectangular tomb). Only in the process of construction did it turn into the first step pyramid. The meaning of the steps was, as it is believed, symbolic - the deceased pharaoh had to rise to heaven along them.

The burial complex included chapels, courtyards, and storage facilities. The base of the six-step pyramid itself is not square, but rectangular. Inside the building there are 12 burial chambers, where Djoser himself and members of his family could probably be buried. The mummy of the pharaoh was not found during the excavations. The entire territory of the complex of 15 hectares was surrounded by a 10-meter stone wall. Part of the wall and other buildings have now been restored.

The most unusual pyramid in Meidum. Construction time III Dynasty (approximately 2680 BC) Located 100 km south of the capital of Egypt, it was built for Pharaoh Huni, the last ruler of the III dynasty, but completed by his son Sneferu. It originally had eight steps, but today only the last three are visible. The original height is 93.5 m, today it is 65 m. The base is 144 m.

Its unusual forms were first reported by Al-Maqrizi in the 15th century. The pyramid had a stepped shape. In his essays, Al-Maqrizi described a pyramid consisting of 5 steps, and also that it was seriously damaged from erosion and from pulling away the masonry by local residents.

Pink Pyramid or Northern Pyramid. Construction time IV dynasty (from about 2640 to 2620 BC) The original height is 109.5 m, today it is 104 m. The base is 220 m. The northern pyramid of Pharaoh Snefru in Dahshur, at the time its construction in the XXVI century BC. e. was the tallest building in the world. It is now the third tallest pyramid in Egypt, after Khufu and Khafre at Giza.

It is unusual in that it has a pink tint due to the special stone that was used in construction. Researchers believe that this pyramid was erected by the pharaoh Sneferu, already mentioned above. The "Pink" pyramid did not always have pink color. Previously, its walls were covered with white limestone. However, in our time, white limestone is almost completely absent, since even in the Middle Ages a significant part of it was removed for the construction of houses in Cairo, as a result of which pinkish limestone was exposed.

Not far from the Pink one is a Broken ("cut" or "diamond-shaped") pyramid. Construction time IV dynasty (XXVI century BC) The original height is 104.7 m, today it is 101.1 m. The base is 189.4 m. It got its name because of its irregular shape. It was built in three stages, at each of which it was given different angles of inclination. It differs from other Egyptian pyramids in that the pyramid has an entrance not only on the north side, which was the standard, but also a second entrance, which is open higher, on the west side.

Explaining the non-standard shape of the pyramid, the German Egyptologist Ludwig Borchardt (1863-1938) put forward his “increment theory”. According to it, the king died suddenly and the angle of inclination of the pyramid's faces was sharply changed from 54° 31 min. up to 43° 21 min., for the fastest completion of work.

What is known about the Egyptian pyramids

pyramid building

Slabs weighing at least 2.5 tons, from which the pyramids were built, were cut out of stone in a nearby quarry and dragged to the construction site using ramps, blocks and levers. There is an opinion, recognized by the scientific community as marginal, that concrete was used in the construction of the pyramid, that is, the slabs were made directly at the construction site. At the top of the pyramids, to this day, traces of wooden forms have been preserved, erased at the base by numerous sandstorms. To prevent the walls of the pyramids from cracking as a result of the compression-expansion process, the individual blocks were separated by thin layers of mortar. The slope of the outer walls is exactly 45°. The surface was covered with blocks of polished white limestone. After the fall, the limestone was stretched by local residents for their needs.

What is encrypted in the pyramids

What is the secret of the Egyptian pyramids? Why, for almost 5 millennia, they do not cease to excite the imagination of everyone who has seen them? What assumptions were not put forward about this: they were built by aliens, they encoded astronomical, magical knowledge of the ancient priests, they contain a prediction of the future. The digital magic of the great was so popular that by measuring it in all directions and adding up the results, amateurs could predict anything.

Why were the pyramids built?

Even the debate about whether the pyramids are actually the tombs of the pharaohs does not stop today. Some of the researchers believe that these are temples where the sun god Amon-Ra was ordained to the cult, others that the pyramid is a huge scientific laboratory of the ancients. Someone argues that the pyramids are huge natural generators of earthly energy, in which the pharaohs were “charged” with this energy for a long time, even rejuvenated and prepared for state activity. And then they were buried near the pyramids, in small rooms, perhaps near the funeral temples.

The pyramids admired many greats of this world:, Cleopatra,. The latter, to inspire his grenadiers during the Egyptian campaign, he first exclaimed: “The pyramids are looking at you,” and then instantly calculated in his mind that from the two and a half million stone blocks of the pyramid of Cheops it would be possible to build a wall around France three meters high.

Interesting facts about the Egyptian pyramids

All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile River, which is the place where the sun sets and is associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology.

The sides of the pyramids are curved by one meter so that they can accumulate solar energy. Thanks to this, the pyramids could reach thousands of degrees and emit an incomprehensible rumble from such heat.

Despite the intense heat that reigns around the pyramids, the temperature in them actually remains relatively constant and stays around 20 ° C.

The Egyptian pyramids also have this feature. The stone blocks are arranged in such a way that there are no gaps between them at all, even the thinnest blade will not fit through.

The Great Pyramid consists of 2.3 million blocks, perfectly aligned and matching each other. The blocks weigh from 2 to 30 tons, and some of them even reach a weight of more than 50 tons.

Although many people associate pyramids with hieroglyphs, no inscriptions or hieroglyphs have been found in the Great Pyramid of Giza.

Estimates of the number of workers involved in the construction of the pyramids vary greatly, however, it is quite possible that they were erected by at least 100 thousand people.

Three large pyramids on the Giza Plateau copy the "Belt of Orion" from the constellation Orion on Earth. The Pyramid of Cheops and the similarly sized Pyramid of Khafre take the place of the two brightest stars in the Orion belt, Al-Nitak and Al-Nilam, while the smaller pyramid of Menkaur is offset from the axis of the two neighbors, just like the third and smallest star of the belt, Mintaka.

Buildings similar to the Egyptian pyramids can also be found in Sudan, where the tradition was later picked up.

Each side of the pyramid is located in the direction of one side of the world.

It has been estimated that large necropolises at that level of technology should have been built in at least a century. How, for example, the pyramid of Cheops was built in just 20 years?

In the 12th century, an attempt was made to destroy the pyramids of Giza. Al-Azis, the Kurdish ruler and second sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty, tried to demolish them, but he was forced to retreat, as this task was too large-scale. And yet, he was able to damage the Pyramid of Menkaure, where, due to his attempts, a vertical gaping hole was left in its northern slope.

Pyramids are one of the many evidences in favor of the existence of some advanced civilization in those ancient times. Meanwhile, that era fits into the time frame of the existence of the legendary Atlantis, although no one undertakes to assert that the civilization that built the early pyramids was in fact the civilization of the Atlanteans.

Information for tourists

The Great Pyramid Complex of Giza is open to the public from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm every day, except winter months(opening hours until 16:30) and the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, when access is closed at 15:00.

Some of the travelers believe that if the pyramids are in the open air and are not a museum in the truest sense of the word, then here you can behave freely, climb these structures. It should be remembered: it is strictly forbidden to do this - in the interests of your own safety!

Before you enter the pyramids, you need to objectively assess your psychological state and physical health. For those who are afraid of closed spaces (claustrophobia), it is better to skip this part of the tour. Due to the fact that inside the tombs it is usually dry, hot and a little dusty, asthmatics, hypertensive patients and those suffering from other diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous system are not recommended to come here.

How much can an excursion to the area of ​​the Egyptian pyramids cost a tourist? Cost has several components. The entrance ticket to it will cost you 60 Egyptian pounds, which is approximately equal to 8 euros. Would you like to visit the pyramid of Cheops? For this you will have to pay 100 pounds or 13 euros. Inspection from the inside of the pyramid of Khafre is largely cheaper - 20 pounds or 2.60 euros.

You will have to pay separately for visiting the Solar Boat Museum, which is located south of the Cheops Pyramid (40 pounds or 5 euros). Taking pictures in the pyramid zone is allowed, but you will have to pay 1 euro for the right to take pictures. Visiting other pyramids in Giza - for example, the mother and wife of Pharaoh Khafre - is not paid.

The Egyptian pyramids, built by aliens, according to the supporters of this point of view, were a spaceport where their spaceships landed to land, including to refuel.

At the top of the pyramid of Cheops is now a flat area. According to scientists, there was a triangular pyramidion stone, but perhaps it was not there at all. It is hard to imagine that he just disappeared, because his weight was about a hundred tons.

Why don't aliens now use the pyramids for their intended purpose? Experts agree that although extraterrestrial beings continue to visit our planet, they no longer need the pyramids. In view of technological progress, they now have other ships that do not need such a spaceport. Thus, Egyptian pyramids- it's a kind of obsolete alien space equipment.

Signs have been preserved in the pyramids indicating the placement of special alien equipment there. So, in the Great Gallery on the walls there are 28 recesses. One gets the impression that they housed something, perhaps some mechanisms and devices, with the help of which, in particular, energy was generated for the functioning of the ships.

Where did all these devices go? Most likely, they were destroyed by the aliens themselves. After the invention of more advanced vehicles, the old technology was no longer needed.

In the middle of the pyramid, in the king's room, there is a large box made of granite. Perhaps it was stored alien fuel. There is also an opinion that various chemical processes took place in this room, it is no coincidence that this room is finished with granite, not limestone, because granite is much harder and more reliable. The room is completely airtight, except for two tunnels, which scientists believe are ventilation shafts. But is it?

The tunnels have inlets 20 x 20 cm, they are located on the walls at a distance of 1 m from the floor. Is it a coincidence that the upper part of the granite box is at the same height. Another oddity is that the walls of the tunnels are made of large stone slabs, which suggests that it was not water that flowed through them, but something else. It can be concluded that fuel was supplied upward through the tunnels for refueling ships.

At the bottom of the pyramid there is a room with an uneven bottom. This is strange, because all the other rooms are perfectly aligned. Perhaps it had a warehouse, so they did not bring it to perfect condition. The room has a tunnel leading up. Most likely, an elevator was moving along the tunnel, transporting substances from the warehouse.

Yes, and aliens moved inside the pyramids with the help of special elevators, like capsules through numerous tunnels. After all, it is not for nothing that all these tunnels have such exact dimensions.

How did the aliens build the pyramids? It can be assumed that they moved the stone blocks not manually, but through the air with the help of special beams that were generated by alien ships.

Why information about aliens is hidden

There are two main reasons why information about an alien civilization is so carefully hidden.

The first reason is to prevent panic among the population. It is known that the US government created a special project "Blue Book". According to official information, he was supposed to study alien phenomena. In fact, he developed a variety of ways to hide from the inhabitants of the planet the fact of the existence of aliens.

Another reason is that world powers are trying to outdo each other in the field of alien technology research. By studying high-tech equipment, one can gain the ability to apply extraterrestrial knowledge to the production of unsurpassed types of weapons.

Despite such secrecy, an increasing number of the inhabitants of the planet believe that we are not alone in this universe.

The version about the construction of the pyramids by a highly developed civilization

This theory also does not apply to the officially recognized one, but boils down to the fact that the pyramids were built by people.

Supporters of this theory believe that once on Earth there was already a civilization with a high level of consciousness and technology.

According to one theory, such a civilization was the Atlanteans (the inhabitants of Atlantis), who built the pyramids or assisted the inhabitants of Egypt in this.

According to another version, the ancient inhabitants of Egypt managed to find and apply the technologies of civilizations that existed in the past for the construction of pyramids. Again, historians do not know anything about the existence of such civilizations.

Another theory is that the ancient Egyptians themselves were at an extremely high stage of development.

Conclusion

Summing up, we can come to the following conclusion: the one who built the pyramids of Egypt, clearly possessed high level development in technology. Only an extraterrestrial civilization or, as we usually call them, Aliens, could have such a level of knowledge.

An endless series of eras of human civilization keeps in itself great amount secrets and mysteries. Each of them requires close attention and study. The study is hampered by those huge time intervals that separate modern man from things long gone. Looking at living people from eternity, the greatest architectural and artistic creations are not at all going to talk about how, by whom, and most importantly why they were created.

One of the most mysterious masterpieces of times gone into oblivion are, without any doubt, pyramids of ancient egypt. These grandiose creations of human hands delight and fascinate, amaze with their size and at the same time cause a feeling of deep bewilderment: why was it necessary to spend so much effort, energy, time on absolutely useless constructions.

Most likely, those who lived 45 centuries ago wanted to emphasize the greatness of their era, the significance of their rulers, the inviolability of their power and proximity to the gods. Or maybe these structures contain some other meaning, beyond the understanding of modern man. All this is a mystery behind seven seals, securely hidden for millennia.

The first ancient pyramids of Egypt

The facts indicate that The first pyramid was built in ancient Egypt under the founder of the III dynasty Pharaoh Djoser. He ruled approximately in 2780-2760 BC. e. and radically changed the architectural style of the tombs practiced before him.

From the end of the IV millennium BC. e. the rulers were buried in mastabas - truncated pyramids. These were small structures made of stones, fastened together with clay mortar. In those distant times, they may have made an impression on people, but in the present century they are shapeless stone piles that bear little resemblance to architectural creations.

The tomb of Djoser (located in Saqqara - 20 km south of Cairo) had nothing to do with the mastaba. Rather, it was six mastabas stacked on top of each other. The lowest one was also the widest. The next mastaba was smaller, it had an even smaller one, and even smaller one above. Thus, a stepped pyramid 62 meters high and 125 by 115 meters along the perimeter was obtained.

For those times, the building, of course, is majestic. Developed it, designed it, and then implemented it Pharaoh's vizier Imhotep. Apparently it was a very outstanding person, since her name survived for almost five thousand years. Imhotep is rightly considered the founder of the new architectural style, which lasted in ancient Egypt for almost 200 years.

The shape of the pyramids underwent significant structural changes during the time of the founder of the IV dynasty Pharaoh Sneferu(ruled 2613-2589 BC). Two pyramids are associated with his name, but these are no longer stepped, but fundamental structures with smooth sloping walls. One pyramid is called broken line- its height is 104 meters, another pyramid has a name pink. It is taller, its height is 109 meters.

The pyramids are located in Dahshur - a desert area 26 kilometers south of Cairo. They are not alone in their greatness. Next to them is another 20 pyramids of the pharaohs of the XII and XIII dynasty. In this necropolis, the pyramids of Sneferu are the oldest, but despite the fact that other man-made tombs were built many centuries later, these two pyramids are much better preserved. They have not lost their geometric shapes, have not crumbled under the weight of centuries, but continue to rise royally above the mortal earth, impassively looking at the world around them.

Such amazing vitality is explained by completely different construction technologies, completely different from those by which the rest of the necropolis structures were built.

The pink and broken pyramids are assembled from granite blocks, ideally processed and fitted to each other. These blocks are not cemented with mortar, but the structures stand like a monolith. A huge weight reliably binds all the knots of these ideal architectural structures, while 46 centuries that have passed since the time of their construction serve as proof of their strength.

The rest of the pyramids are assembled from ordinary raw stones, or rather, cobblestones. They were tied with a solution and, laying on top of each other, they created structures that were significantly inferior in strength to the Snefru pyramids. All this is rather strange, since in 700 years it was possible not only not to lose the technologies practiced during the IV dynasty, but also to significantly improve them. The fact remains that during the construction of the broken and pink pyramids, more advanced construction methods were used than in later centuries.

In general, it falls out of the usual series of similar building structures. Its name already speaks about it. The fact is that the angle of inclination of the walls of this structure from the base to the middle of the height is 54 ° 31 ′. Further, the angle changes and is equal to 43 ° 21 ′. What is the reason for such an architectural refinement is unknown, although there are a great many assumptions and theories.

The prevailing opinion is that in connection with the death of the pharaoh, they decided to speed up the construction work and therefore made the slope of the upper parts of the walls steeper. Other researchers believe that it was just a "test of the pen." Until that time, nothing like this had been built in Ancient Egypt, so they decided to create something original and different, but apparently this form did not meet with the support of others and did not take root.

It got its name due to the peculiar color of the stone blocks from which it is laid out. The blocks have a pale pink color and are filled with the appropriate shade in the setting sun. This was the reason to call it the pink pyramid. Although in ancient times it was not at all pink but white. This color had a lining made of white limestone. Over the centuries, the coating peeled off and pink limestone was exposed, from which, in fact, the pyramid was assembled.

The pyramids of Snefru are huge, but they cannot be compared with similar structures located on the Giza plateau (northwest of Cairo). There are three pyramids here, two of them are striking in their size. The largest is the pyramid of the son of Sneferu Pharaoh Cheops(ruled 2589-2566 BC). Its original height was 146.6 meters, and it was built from 2.3 million limestone blocks.

Great Pyramids of Giza aerial view

From above the pyramid was covered with white limestone, the top was decorated with a pyramidion: a stone made of polished granite. It was covered with gold and shone majestically in the rays of the sun. At the base of the stone there was a square ledge, at the top of the pyramid there was a recess for it. The pyramidion was thus securely fastened at a great height, perfectly complementing the grandiose picture of the greatest structure on the planet.

On the east side, a temple and three pyramids for queens adjoined the pyramid. Today, only the foundation remains of the temple, while small pyramids have been preserved. The temple, located in the valley, was also destroyed. It was connected with the pyramid of Cheops by a road. But the "solar boat" of the ruler, made of cedar, remained in excellent condition. After the death of the pharaoh, it was dismantled and placed in storage at the foot of the pyramid, apparently considering that in the afterlife it would be necessary for the formidable ruler.

How the pyramid of Cheops was built

Such a huge structure at all times caused one question among people - how did such a masterpiece manage to be created. Each block of the pyramid weighs at least two tons, but in total, as already mentioned, there are more than two million. All of them are perfectly fitted to each other and raised to different heights. In addition, there are three chambers inside the pyramid. The uppermost, the burial "chamber of the king", is lined with granite blocks weighing 60 tons each.

This chamber is located at a height of 43 meters from the base of the monumental structure. Raising such blocks by tens of meters is a truly difficult task. However, the Egyptians somehow coped with this and even perfectly fitted the granite slabs to each other. There are no gaps between them, which speaks of the highest production technology.

Hemiun

The architect of the pyramid is called the vizier of the pharaoh Cheops Hemiun. It was Hemiun who designed this structure and supervised its construction. He died shortly before the completion of the work, which, according to ancient sources, lasted 20 long years. Two decades of titanic labor have produced "on the mountain" the greatest architectural masterpiece, stunning the human imagination for 45 centuries.

So how was Hemiun able to build such magnificence? There is no single answer to this question. There are various versions and assumptions. One of the versions claims that the blocks did not rise to a great height at all. Workers crushed limestone, turned it into powder, removed moisture, and thus it became ordinary cement. The latter was poured into special formwork located directly on the pyramid under construction, diluted with water, stone and crushed stone were added for bonding and monolithic blocks were obtained.

Does this theory have a practical basis? Limestone is a rock of medium hardness. It is cut, polished, taking into account modern technologies. But how to turn more than six million tons of rock (the weight of the pyramid of Cheops is 6.3 million tons) into powder is a rather time-consuming task, rather even impossible. It is unlikely that Hemiun would have dared such an action. In addition, where would he get so much wood to simultaneously make several hundred formworks.

A tree in ancient Egypt was worth its weight in gold. It was brought from distant lands, and it was very expensive. Taking into account all the costs, it would be easier to cast gold bars and mold them into a tomb for the pharaoh. True, then it would not have stood for 45 centuries, but it would have cost less.

The other point of view is much more realistic. It is followed by some American and French researchers. Having carefully studied the internal and external structure of the ancient structure, they put forward a rather interesting theory, which is offered to the judgment of discerning readers.

In this case, it is planned to install an external ramp at the beginning of construction. Under the ramp is meant an embankment along which the slabs are dragged to the place where they should lie. The pyramid grows, and the height of the ramp increases. In addition to the height, its length also increases: after all, the flatter the embankment, the easier it is to drag blocks along it.

But at a certain height, there comes a moment when it becomes problematic to lengthen the ramp. To withstand the minimum angle, it is necessary to increase the embankment for a kilometer or more. Such a structure is already beginning to surpass the pyramid under construction in its volume. But its height is 146.6 meters. This is what kind of embankment is needed, and even with a slope angle of a maximum of 10 °.

Hemiun found a way out of a seemingly hopeless situation. The chamber-tomb for the king is at a height of 43 meters. It was up to this point that the outer ramp was made in order to drag 60 ton slabs along it. If the size of the embankment allowed, then the chamber would have been made much higher, but this height was critical.

To this place, along the outer ramp, 600 people could easily drag a huge and heavy block. They moved these stone blocks on a sled. Logs were hardly used, since the wheel was not yet known at that time, so the corresponding analogies most likely could not come to the minds of the builders.

Above, according to the project, there were already stone blocks weighing 2-3 tons. In order to lay them down, they made an internal ramp. It was a narrow spiral-shaped cavity, gently rising upwards. It was located, and is still located, very close to the edges of the pyramid, above the "king's chamber". If you know where to chisel the walls, then the inner ramp is easy to spot.

Above the chamber itself, five unloading cavities were installed, between which stone slabs were placed. They put a gable ceiling over them. They did this to evenly distribute the weight of the overlying layers of a huge structure.

The weight of these layers is one and a half million tons. If there were no unloading cavities, then a huge mass of stones would crush the "king's chamber" trimmed with black granite, like a nut shell.

The very process of installing the upper blocks was as follows: the outer ramp was dismantled to a height of 15-odd meters. That is, to the place where the main entrance to the pyramid is located (after the work was completed, it was sealed with a granite plug). Stone blocks were dragged here, from which the entire upper part of the pyramid, more than 100 meters high, was laid out.

The blocks were dragged along the rising corridor, which abuts against the "king's chamber". Currently, this tunnel is divided into an ascending corridor and a Grand Gallery. The Grand Gallery is a tall and narrow passage 48 meters long and 8 meters high. Right in the middle of the gallery stretches its entire length a square recess. Its width is 1 meter, depth is 60 centimeters. There are 27 pairs of recesses on the side protrusions. The passage ends with a horizontal ledge with a smooth surface, 2 and 1 meters wide and long, respectively.

Here, 45 centuries ago, wooden guides were installed, along which a sledge was moved, with a stone block lying on them. The guides were held on wooden bars driven into the recesses of the side ledges. The next block was dragged to a horizontal ledge, and from it they moved to an internal ramp, the entrance to which is located next to the "king's chamber". Researchers have not yet reached it, but there is no doubt that in the near future it will be discovered.

Next, a two-ton block was pulled along the ramp to the construction site. Here the builders laid it in one of the rows and started on the next one. First, the outer rows of blocks were laid out, and then the inner ones, in order to maintain the correct geometric shapes of the huge structure. This was a very complex and precise matter: after all, it is much more difficult to correctly set an inclined surface than a vertical one. However, the ancient engineers succeeded brilliantly.

The Pyramid of Cheops
and the highest
buildings of the world

After the construction of the majestic structure, it was covered with white limestone slabs. Now there is nothing left of the lining on the pyramid of Cheops. All of it was stolen long ago by the inhabitants of Cairo for the construction of their houses. The miserable remains of white limestone can only be observed on the neighboring pyramid - Pyramid of Khafre.

The height of this structure is 143.5 meters. According to legend, it was crowned with a granite pyramidion adorned with pure gold. When he disappeared from the top, where he is now is unknown. The technology for the construction of this structure is fully consistent with the one by which the most great pyramid- the Pyramid of Cheops.

Khafre created his creation almost 40 years after the father of Pharaoh Cheops. The years of his reign fall on 2558-2532 BC. e. From 2556 to 2558 BC. e. Another pharaoh, Djedefra, reigned in Egypt. He was the elder brother of Khafre, but he built his pyramid in Abu Roash - 10 km. north of Giza.

Its height after construction was only 68 meters, but the pyramid was lined not with white limestone, but with red granite. They brought it from the very south of the country, as they could not find it closer.

The third pyramid in Giza, standing next to the two giants, is Pyramid of Menkaure. Unlike her colleagues, her height is only 66 meters. In volume, it is 10 times smaller than the pyramid of Cheops. This pharaoh, who took power after Khafre, did not differ in apparently exorbitant ambitions and showed modesty unusual for such people.

It seems that most likely it is not the modesty and vanity of the ruler, but the economy of Ancient Egypt. Seventy years of continuous construction of gigantic structures that bring absolutely no profit, but, on the contrary, pump out all the funds from the treasury, have undermined the well-being of the state so much that it simply did not have the opportunity to build further something grandiose and exorbitantly huge.

So you can only sincerely sympathize with Mikerin. His creation looks very faded against the general fundamental and majestic background and does not make the proper impression on true connoisseurs of antiquity, who come from all over the world to look at the pyramids of Ancient Egypt.

Other ancient pyramids of Egypt

Actually, with Mykerin, the construction of the Great Pyramids ceased. Nothing else, breathtaking and leading to a state of delight, was created by the pharaohs. The first pharaoh of the 5th dynasty, Userkaf (reigned 2465-2458 BC), built a pyramid 44.5 meters high. It is located in Saqqara and today it is a pile of poorly processed stones that bear little resemblance to an architectural structure.

For some unknown reason, the brilliant technology used in the installation of the pyramids of the pharaohs of the IV dynasty came to naught. They have never been reborn. Pyramids, over the course of all subsequent centuries, were built from carelessly processed stones or unbaked clay bricks and did not even remotely resemble the fundamental structures of the 26th century BC. e.

Such construction continued until the XIII dynasty. This is the XVIII, beginning of the XVII century BC. e. It was in the 17th century BC. e. the era of the construction of grandiose structures ended, and the pyramids of ancient Egypt became history. In the future, the rulers of this power have never practiced anything like this.

Thus, in ancient Egypt, about a hundred pyramids were built. They are all located on the left bank of the Nile from Abu Roash to Meidum (70 km south of Cairo) on a limestone plateau. They were created in different centuries by different people, but there are no architectural differences in the appearance of these structures, unless they differ in volume and height.

Who built the Great Pyramids and why?

The pyramids of the pharaohs of the IV dynasty stand apart. During their construction, completely different technologies were used, and the quality of work stands out sharply against the general background of rather primitive and clumsily made structures. Some researchers explain this by the fact that the labor of slaves was not used in the construction of these structures. Hired teams of workers built majestic buildings - hence the corresponding quality. Subsequently, forced labor was used in such works, which immediately affected such original tombs for the pharaohs.

Perfectly machined and fitted stone blocks from one of the Great Pyramids

Such an argument can and will convince someone, but certain things are striking, which cannot be explained from this position. In particular - the ideal processing of stone blocks from which the pyramids are assembled. Their surfaces are mirror-smooth. This can only be done using special stone processing equipment. Nowadays, there are corresponding machines and tools, but where could they come from 45 centuries ago, in the era of the Bronze Age.

Another particular is traces of erosion in the lower layers of the pyramids, which indicates their long stay in the water. They even find shells - this once again emphasizes that the time of the creation of such majestic structures can be safely attributed to more ancient eras, when the climate was not so dry, and the limestone plateau was often flooded with water.

And finally, why did everyone decide that it was Snefru, Cheops and their successors who built the Great Pyramids. Where is that written? This point of view exists with the light hand of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (484-425 BC). This venerable man visited Egypt in 445 BC. e., communicated with local representatives of the nobility, priests, and even described the construction of the pyramid of Cheops. But how true is all this? This master was caught more than once on serious distortions historical facts, but when they mean the pyramids of Ancient Egypt, they believe him unconditionally.

And one more particular - in the same pyramid of Cheops there are no images and inscriptions pointing to its creator. But such paraphernalia was an integral part of the funerary art of this state. And the granite sarcophagus itself in the "king's chamber", apparently, never served as a storage place for his mummified body. At least there is no evidence and traces that it was once there.

Sculpture of the Great Sphinx

It is also impossible to ignore such a creation of architecture as sculpture of the Great Sphinx. It is carved from a monolithic limestone rock and, although it has nothing to do with any of the pyramids of Ancient Egypt, it is an integral part of the man-made complex in Giza.

The dimensions of the Sphinx are truly enormous: length 73 meters, height 20 meters. Over the millennia, the sculpture was covered with sand up to the very neck. Periodically, they tried to clear it, though they were limited only to the front part. Completely cleared and learned the true volumes only in 1925.

The face of the Great Sphinx has pronounced negroid features.

There is an assumption that it was built during the time of Pharaoh Djedefre. He created it in memory of his father, but for some reason his face has pronounced negroid features. Some researchers, pointing to a disproportionately small head, argue that at first it was the muzzle of a lion, but then one of the later rulers of the state ordered to cut down the excess and immortalized his face.

Interestingly, the sculpture has clearly visible horizontal stripes. This is erosion, indicating that the Sphinx was once up to its neck in water. When? During the great flood that took place 11 thousand years BC. e. according to Sumerian mythology, or during floods - they were a frequent occurrence in the 5th millennium BC. e. Then it turns out that it was created long before the Egyptian pyramids or simultaneously with them, but at a time much earlier than 45 centuries ago. Who created, when and why?

There are many questions, but no concrete answers. Even the theory of the construction of the pyramid of Cheops described above does not have a single practical evidence. All this is just speculation and conjecture.

Based on the foregoing, the conclusion suggests itself: the Great Pyramids were created by some other civilization that existed in these places millennia before Ancient Egypt. And they were erected for purposes that the human mind cannot comprehend.

Maybe it was a powerful energy station, maybe through the pyramids communication with space was carried out. It is also possible that it could be a treatment center: the properties of the pyramids indicate that they have a beneficial effect on a living organism and kill pathogenic bacteria.

But what about Cheops then? Unfortunately, there are no traces left of the powerful ruler, except for the pyramid with his name. The only thing is a small ivory figurine depicting this man. She was found at Giza in 1903.

People search, guess, assume, doubt. The pyramids of Ancient Egypt are devoid of throwing and hesitation. For 45 centuries they have seen everything, it is impossible to surprise or excite them with something. Great man-made creations dispassionately look at the vain world, and even Time itself respectfully bows its head before them, recognizing them as equal to Eternity.

The article was written by ridar-shakin

Based on materials from foreign and Russian publications

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Subtitles

Egyptian pyramids - well, it would seem, what can be said here? Everything has already been researched and re-explored, all mysteries have been solved, secrets have been revealed. However, until now, these buildings excite the minds of researchers and everyone who is interested in ancient Egypt. And despite the fact that there are a lot of pyramids in Egypt, in the first place, of course, the image of the pyramids of Giza near present-day Cairo pops up for everyone. Well, let's look at the pyramids from a seditious point of view. Relatively recently, scientists discovered that in the Cheops pyramid there are not only ventilation shafts, but also secret rooms that it is impossible for a person to get to. Firstly, the entire pyramid of Cheops, whose height is 138 meters, is pierced by 4 narrow inclined passages, with a cross section of 20 centimeters, which are considered to be ventilation. Secondly, it has been proven that two shafts from the tomb of the pharaoh go outside. Why was there ventilation in a sealed tomb, not to mention the fact that the sloping shafts made the construction of such a large-scale structure much more difficult. Thirdly, two shafts, which, it would seem, should be ventilation for the tomb of the pharaoh's wife, not only did not come to the surface, they did not even reach the tomb itself, that is, they were sealed passages. Since the shafts are quite narrow and stretch quite far, shedding at least some light on the question “what is there?” succeeded only in 1990. The robot, specially assembled for this task, managed to crawl along the shaft as much as 63 meters and only found an obstacle in front of it - a stone door with two metal pins - handles, which, as you might have guessed, the robot could not open. In 2002, another robot got to the door, drilled a hole in it, put a camera in it and saw that behind the door at a distance of 20 centimeters there was another door, exactly the same. Before her, the drill was no longer enough. After another 9 years, a robot called Jedi was finally built, which had more confident training for this kind of research. So the Jedi robot reached the same place as its predecessor and just more accurately examined the small room between the two doors. There are some kind of hieroglyphs on the floor, the meaning of which is not yet clear. Also, a special movable camera on the robot turned around and showed the door from the back side, it is well polished and has decorative loops. In other words, this is not a stone that would prevent debris from entering the shaft, this is a door that someone used. Perhaps he pulled her by the loops behind him? But how? But here's the strangest thing, for some reason, the pictures taken by the robot are not all published. For example, it is not known what was depicted on the ceiling. And why the robot never penetrated the second wall. Moreover, for some reason, the right wall of the secret room, nine years later, received two longitudinal scratches, and the upper wall - the ceiling - had a deeper cut, as if they were resting against it. Note that according to official data, none of the robots penetrated into the chamber itself. Fortunately or not, but practice shows that just meditating is not enough for the brain to develop. Specialized exercises and training are needed. The best solution in this matter is the VIKIUM online platform, which offers a whole range of special courses and simulators aimed at boosting brain performance. It allows you to improve memory, reaction, attention, concentration, as well as the work of thinking. After all, our effectiveness in many areas of life directly depends on them. To achieve a rapid developmental effect, the intelligent system of the Wikium online platform will generate an individual development program for every day. It is built based on data about the level of development of your cognitive functions, obtained after passing the introductory test. More than 4 million users have already rated the Wikium online platform. You can do it for free, but with some restrictions. Useful, exciting and, most importantly, it will take you 15-20 minutes a day. So it's definitely worth a try, the link can be found under the video. Well, we go further and ask ourselves a difficult question - so how old are the pyramids of Egypt? Science has not yet determined the exact date of their construction. Scientists in their definitions differ not even for centuries, but for millennia. According to the traditional version, the pyramids have been standing for 4.5 thousand years. 150 years ago, a so-called inventory stele was found in Giza, on which it was written that Cheops only ordered the Sphinx to be restored, and not built. Also in the 90s, it was proved that the furrows on the body of the Sphinx are traces of rain erosion, however, there were no rains that could do this in Egypt according to the official chronology for at least 8000 years. Well, the fact that there are medieval maps with full-flowing rivers, cities, blooming Africa and Egypt, all this, of course, just seemed. The most interesting thing is that immediately after the publication of this fact, the Egyptian authorities organized an urgent restoration of the Sphinx. As a result, all traces of erosion disappeared. Simultaneously with the restoration national museum the inventory stele was also removed. True, there is another date. Astronomers claim that the pyramids copy the arrangement of stars in the constellation of Orion, which was observed, attention, 12.5 thousand years ago. The Great Pyramid and the similarly sized Pyramid of Khafre take the place of the two brightest stars in Orion's belt, and the smaller pyramid of Minkaur is offset from the axis of the two neighbors just like the third and smallest star of the belt. But maybe all this great antiquity was created not so long ago, and not thousands of years, but several hundred have passed since then? Back in the 19th century, an assumption appeared about the uniqueness of the Cheops pyramid, which is also called the Great Pyramid. Judge for yourself, when measuring the pyramid of Cheops itself, it turned out that the perimeter of the pyramid, divided by double the height, gives the exact number Pi with an accuracy of one hundred thousandth. Interestingly, the sacred measure of the length of Egypt, that is, a pyramidal inch is one billionth of the Earth's orbit, passed by it in 24 hours. By a strange coincidence, the pyramidal inch is exactly equal to the English inch. Why do English units exactly correspond to the "sacred" units of Ancient Egypt? Maybe because they existed at the same historical time? By the way, this is reminiscent of a bearded joke about two horse asses, look in the comments if you don’t know. But seriously, here's more food for thought: At the latitude of the Egyptian pyramids, 34 degrees, is the American city of Houston. Space Flight Control Center, there is also a geodetic control center. The famous Cape Canaveral is also relatively close. So one minute of this latitude of 34 degrees is equal to approximately 1609 meters. And this value is widespread and is called the American mile. And it is also called British, statutory. Usually, when they say just "a mile", they mean exactly it. At the latitude of Moscow, if we take approximately 55.5 degrees, based on the fact that at that time the accuracy was quite approximate, one minute of this latitude is 1054 meters. In Russian culture, this value is called a double verst. One verst, respectively, equals 526 meters. Thus, in those days, the 17th century, the measures of length for each latitude were determined separately and everywhere had their own. We now have various versions of this system. For example, there are Bavarian and Munich feet, the differences between which are very small. The ratio of the Moscow standard inch of 2.54 to the equatorial inch of 4.46 is referred to as 4/7. This value - 4/7 or 7/4 was taken as a constant, legalized in the 17th century and, in accordance with this measure, the size of an inch was recalculated. And this version of 4.445 cm was finally accepted. But back to Egypt. The diagonal of the pyramid gives its absolutely exact direction along the meridian. Moreover, the accuracy of this direction to the theoretical north pole was greater than that achieved during the construction of the Paris Observatory. And there are many other similar oddities. Well, the most interesting thing is the construction technology of the Great Pyramid. Scientists continue to insist that the Egyptian pyramids were built from monolithic stone blocks. Until now, the absurd picture is considered generally accepted, as if thousands and thousands of slaves worked in quarries, cutting down monoliths weighing from 2.5 to 15 tons, and then dragging them on a sled across the sand to the construction site. And in the end, with the help of ingenious machines, or with the help of giant inclined embankments, 15-ton blocks were dragged to a height of many tens of meters. True, some blocks are five times heavier, and reach seventy tons. Many years ago, a professor at the University of Bern, Joseph Davidovich, hypothesized that the pyramids could be made of concrete. As evidence, he cited the results of his chemical experiments and visual studies of ancient artifacts. Pay attention to the slab, the surface of the block is covered with a fine mesh, this is a trace of the mat that was superimposed on the inner surface of the formwork box. The concrete version has been developed in detail and at the moment explains almost all the mysteries in pyramid construction technologies. The absence of gaps between the blocks, numerous traces of formwork, the nature of the pouring of blocks, smudges, embedded elements, grouting of concrete that has not yet cooled to the end, and much, much more ... Almost all the load-bearing elements of the structures of ancient Egypt are made of sedimentary rocks. This material was ground and poured into the formwork as part of the solution. The use of partially fired gypsum is most likely a consequence of the extremely high temperature and total absence of precipitation in Egypt during the summer. It doesn't rain sometimes for several years. It is likely that no additional technical means were used to dehydrate the gypsum, and the material dehydrated naturally when heated in the sun. As for the use of additives, then, probably, they were, because. for construction work, it is necessary to increase the solidification time of the material. One of these technologies is the addition of whey to the gypsum mortar to increase the setting time and it is possible that something similar was used in Egypt. In ancient Egypt, artificial granite from natural stone chips was widely used. Artificial granite was used not only for casting the entire structural element, but also as a decorative, protective coating for various structural and decorative building elements cast from sedimentary rocks, as well as for decorating interiors as coatings. Of course, in addition to the above, stone processing was also used. Well, about the fact that the Giza plateau is well known for its massive underground system, which consists of both artificial tunnels and chambers, as well as underground rivers and passages that have been mapped using ground-penetrating radar since 1978, we will tell you sometime in another time. See you on our channel.

The forerunners of the pyramids

Late pyramids

With the completion of the 5th dynasty, the construction of the pyramids by the Egyptian pharaohs did not stop. The pyramids of the pharaohs of the 5th-6th dynasties have preserved for us the oldest set of funerary texts known as the (Pyramid Texts). Pyramids were also built by the pharaohs of the 1st transitional period (for example, Merikara) and the rulers of the 12th dynasty (the most famous belongs to Amenemhat III).

Later, the tradition of building pyramids was taken over by the rulers of the Meroitic kingdom.

So, until the time of King Rhampsinite, the priests told further, under good laws, Egypt achieved great prosperity. However, his successor Cheops plunged the country into disaster. First of all, he ordered to close all the sanctuaries and forbade the making of sacrifices. Then he forced all the Egyptians to work for him. So, some were obliged to drag huge blocks of stones from the quarries in the Arabian mountains to the Nile (the stones were transported across the river on ships), while others were ordered to drag further to the so-called Libyan mountains. One hundred thousand people did this work continuously, changing every three months. It took ten years for the exhausted people to build the road along which these stone blocks were dragged, the work, in my opinion, is almost as huge as the construction of the pyramid itself. After all, the road was 5 stages long, and 10 orgies wide, at the highest point 8 orgies high, built of hewn stones with figures carved on them. For ten years, the construction of this road and underground chambers on the hill, where the pyramids stand, continued. In these chambers, Cheops built his tomb on the island, leading the Nile channel to the mountain. The construction of the pyramid itself lasted 20 years. It is four-sided, each side is 8