The achievements of Russian scientists in the field of geographical research were of particular importance. Russian travelers visited places where no European had ever set foot before. In the second half 19th century. their efforts were focused on exploring the interior of Asia.

The beginning of expeditions into the depths of Asia was laid Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914) geographer, statistician, botanist. He made a number of trips to the mountains of Central Asia, to the Tien Shan. Having headed the Russian Geographical Society, he began to play a leading role in developing plans for new expeditions.

The Russian Geographical Society was associated with the activities of other Russian travelers- P. A. Kropotkin and N. M. Przhevalsky.

P. A. Kropotkin in 1864-1866 traveled through Northern Manchuria, the Sayans and the Vitim Plateau.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888) he made his first expedition along the Ussuri region, then his paths ran through the most inaccessible regions of Central Asia. He several times crossed Mongolia, Northern China, explored the Gobi Desert, Tien Shan, visited Tibet. He died en route, at the start of his last expedition. In connection with the news of his death, A.P. Chekhov wrote that such “ ascetics are needed like the sun». « Constituting the most poetic and cheerful element of society, he added, they excite, console and ennoble ... If the positive types created by literature constitute valuable educational material, then the same types given by life itself are beyond any price.».

overseas Russian travels scientists in the second half of the 19th century. become more targeted. If before they were mainly limited to describing and mapping coastline, now the life, culture, customs of local peoples were studied. This direction, the beginning of which in the XVIII century. put S. P. Krasheninnikov, it was continued Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay (1846-1888). He made his first travels in Canary Islands and by North Africa. In the early 70s he visited a number of islands Pacific Ocean, studied the life of local peoples. For 16 months he lived among the Papuans on the northeastern coast of New Guinea (this place has since been called the Maclay Coast). The Russian scientist won the trust and love of the locals. Then he traveled to the Philippines, Indonesia, Malacca, again returned to " Maclay coast". The descriptions of life and customs, economy and culture of the peoples of Oceania, compiled by the scientist, were largely published only after his death.

World geographical science in those years largely relied on the achievements of Russian researchers. To late XIX in. the era of geographical discoveries ended. And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian researchers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century.

>>Russian explorers and travelers

§ 16. Russian discoverers and travelers

The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - explorers and travelers of the 17th-18th centuries, they enriched the ideas of Russians about the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. Russia carried out for the first time old dream: her ships went to the oceans.

I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky.

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In the 19th century, Russian explorers made a number of outstanding geographical discoveries. In 1803 I. Kruzenshtern on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" made the 1st Russian round-the-world expedition exploring northern part Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin, Alaska, Aleutian Islands. Y. Lisyanyakiy on the Neva discovered one of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1819-21 F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev on the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" made the 2nd Arctic expedition. During its 16/1/1820, the ships approached Antarctica, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent". Having rested in Australia, the expedition moved to the tropical Pacific Ocean and discovered islands in the Tuamotu archipelago. They were named after Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Yermolov and others. After resting in Sydney, the ships returned to Antarctica and discovered about. Peter I and the land of Alexander I. In July 1821, the ships returned to Kronstadt, bringing great amount materials and collections. The development of Russian America is associated with the name of A. Baranov. A merchant from Kargopol has been trading in Alaska since 1790. He made detailed maps Alaska and nearby islands. In 1799 Baranov became the ruler of the colonies in America. In 1804 He founded Novoarkhangelsk. Baranov tried to annex Hawaii to Russia, but failed. Despite his illness, he remained in office until his death. The territory of the Far East remained a white spot on the Russian map. In 1848, Nicholas 1 sent an expedition of G. Nevelsky to the Far East. He proved that Sakhalin Island and explored the lower reaches of the Amur. E. Putyatin during the round-the-world expedition of 1822-25. discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands and concluded an agreement with Japan. Round-the-world expeditions were made by V. Golovin-1807-11,F. Litke-1826-29 and made 50 cards. I. Voznesensky in 1839-40 described Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands. In 1809 A. Kolodkin began to explore the Caspian. In 1848, E. Hoffman and M. Kovalsky explored the North. Ural. In 1845, the Russian Geographical Society was established.

Who: Semyon Dezhnev, Cossack chieftain, merchant, fur trader.

When: 1648

What opened: The first to cross the Bering Strait, which separates Eurasia from North America.

Thus, I found out that Eurasia and North America are two different continents, and that they do not merge.

Who: Thaddeus Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, navigator.

Travels

When: 1820.

What opened: Antarctica together with Mikhail Lazarev on the frigates Vostok and Mirny.

Commanded the East. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent.

Also, the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev finally dispelled the myth of the existence of the mythical " southern mainland”, which was erroneously marked on all medieval maps of Europe.

Navigators, including the famous Captain James Cook, searched without any success in Indian Ocean this "Southern Continent" is over three hundred and fifty years old, and of course nothing has been found.

Who: Kamchaty Ivan, Cossack and sable hunter.

When: 1650s.

What opened: peninsulas of Kamchatka, named after him.

Who: Semyon Chelyuskin, polar explorer, Russian Navy officer

When: 1742

What opened: the northernmost cape of Eurasia, named in his honor Cape Chelyuskin.

Who: Ermak Timofeevich, Cossack ataman in the service of the Russian Tsar. Ermak's last name is unknown. Possibly Tokmok.

When: 1581-1585

What opened: conquered and explored Siberia for the Russian state. To do this, he entered into a successful armed struggle with the Tatar khans in Siberia.

Ivan Kruzenshtern, officer of the Russian fleet, admiral

When: 1803-1806.

What opened: Made the first of the Russian navigators trip around the world together with Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops Nadezhda and Neva. Commanded "Hope"

Who: Yuri Lisyansky, Russian Navy officer, captain

When: 1803-1806.

What opened: He was the first Russian navigator to circumnavigate the world together with Ivan Kruzenshtern on the sloops Nadezhda and Neva. Commanded the Neva.

Who: Petr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky

When: 1856-57

What opened: The first of the Europeans explored the Tien Shan mountains.

He also later studied a number of areas in Central Asia. For the study of the mountain system and services to science, he received from the authorities of the Russian Empire the honorary name Tien-Shansky, which he had the right to pass on by inheritance.

Who: Vitus Bering

When: 1727-29

What opened: The second (after Semyon Dezhnev) and the first of the scientific researchers reached North America, passing through the Bering Strait, thereby confirming its existence. Confirmed that North America and Eurasia are two different continents.

Who: Khabarov Erofey, Cossack, fur trader

When: 1649-53

What opened: mastered part of Siberia and the Far East for the Russians, studied the lands near the Amur River.

Who: Mikhail Lazarev, Russian Navy officer.

When: 1820

What opened: Antarctica together with Thaddeus Bellingshausen on the frigates Vostok and Mirny.

Commanded "Peace". Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent. Also, the Russian expedition finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical "Southern Continent", which was marked on medieval European maps, and which navigators unsuccessfully searched for for four hundred years in a row.

The achievements of Russian scientists in the field of geographical research were of particular importance. Russian travelers visited places where no European had ever set foot before. In the second half 19th century. their efforts were focused on exploring the interior of Asia.

The beginning of expeditions into the depths of Asia was laid Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914) geographer, statistician, botanist.

He made a number of trips to the mountains of Central Asia, to the Tien Shan. Having headed the Russian Geographical Society, he began to play a leading role in developing plans for new expeditions.

The Russian Geographical Society was associated with the activities of other Russian travelers- P.

A. Kropotkin and N. M. Przhevalsky.

P. A. Kropotkin in 1864-1866 traveled through Northern Manchuria, the Sayans and the Vitim Plateau.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888) he made his first expedition along the Ussuri region, then his paths ran through the most inaccessible regions of Central Asia.

He several times crossed Mongolia, Northern China, explored the Gobi Desert, Tien Shan, visited Tibet. He died en route, at the start of his last expedition. In connection with the news of his death, A.P. Chekhov wrote that such "ascetics are needed like the sun." “Constituting the most poetic and cheerful element of society,” he added, “they excite, console and ennoble ...

Russian travelers of the 19th century (briefly)

If the positive types created by literature constitute valuable educational material, then the same types given by life itself are beyond all price.

overseas Russian travels scientists in the second half of the 19th century.

become more targeted. If before they were mainly limited to describing and mapping the coastline, now they studied the life, culture, and customs of local peoples. This direction, the beginning of which in the XVIII century. put S. P. Krasheninnikov, it was continued Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay (1846-1888).

He made his first travels to the Canary Islands and North Africa. In the early 70s, he visited a number of Pacific islands, studied the life of local peoples. For 16 months he lived among the Papuans on the northeastern coast of New Guinea (this place has since been called the Maclay Coast).

The Russian scientist won the trust and love of the locals. Then he traveled through the Philippines, Indonesia, Malacca, and again returned to the Maclay Coast. The descriptions of life and customs, economy and culture of the peoples of Oceania, compiled by the scientist, were largely published only after his death.

World geographical science in those years largely relied on the achievements of Russian researchers.

By the end of the XIX century. the era of geographical discoveries ended. And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian researchers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century.

§ The first Russian Marxist V.

G. Plekhanov
§Beginning of Lenin's revolutionary activity
§Beginning of the reign of Alexander I
§Start Patriotic War 1812
§End of the Patriotic War of 1812

Open lesson for 8th grade. Education and science in the 19th century.

Russian pioneers and travelers.

At the very beginning of the 19th century, a system of higher, secondary and primary education was formed in Russia. The educational reform carried out in 1803 led to the creation of a gymnasium in every provincial town. In each county town of the county school. The Ministry of Public Education was created to manage educational institutions. The government paid great attention to the development of higher education.

1. Match the universities and the dates of their formation.

Dorpat 1802

Kazansky 1804

Kharkov 1804

Vilensky 1804

Petersburg 1819

Alexander (Tsarskoye Selo) Lyceum 1811-

In which representatives of the highest noble society (A.S. Pushkin) studied.

2. Fill in the table. Educational institutions under Nicholas 1.

Whom and what was taught.

Parish schools

representatives of the lower classes. God's law, literacy, arithmetic.

County schools

Children of merchants, artisans, philistines. Russian language arithmetic, geometry, history, geography.

Gymnasiums

Children of nobles, officials, merchants of the first guild. Studied exact and humanitarian subjects.

3. Indicate the publisher whose books contributed to the development of education in the 40s. 19th century?

A. Sytin I.D.

B. Smirdin A.F.

V. Soldatenkov K.T.

G. Pavlenkov F.F.

4.Fill in the table.

The improvement of the education system in many ways contributed to the development of domestic science.

Branch of science

opening

biology

Dvigubsky I.A.

The earth's surface and the creatures inhabiting it undergo fundamental changes over time under the influence of natural causes.

Dyadkovsky I.E.

Life is a continuous physical and chemical process.

Baer K.M. 1834

The universal law of the development of nature.

the medicine

Pirogov N.I.1856

The founder of military field surgery First used anesthesia.

geology

N.I. Koksharov 1840

was drawn up geological map European Russia.

Astronomy

Building powerful telescopes. Pulkovo observatory

maths

Lobachevsky N.I. 1826

Non-Euclidean geometry.

Petrov V.V. 1802

Developed a galvanic battery. An example of an electric light bulb.

Lenz E.Kh. 1833

Rule for the direction of the driving force of induction. A year later he invented the electric motor.

Jacobi B.S. 1840

Electroplating is a method of applying metal to the desired surface with the help of electricity.

Schilling P.L.1832

Invented the electric telegraph.

Guess the crossword. Chemistry, science and production. Using the textbook on pages 105-106

1. In 1826-27, one of these researchers laid the foundation for powder metallurgy.

2. This researcher discovered the basic law of photochemistry.

3. 6. In the 30s of the 19th century, these brothers, serf mechanics of the Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant, built the first steam railway.

4. In 1840, this scientist discovered the basic law of thermochemistry.

5. In 1817, this outstanding metallurgist developed four options for the technology for producing damask steel.

6. This researcher in the field of chemistry has developed a method for obtaining glucose.

7. One of these chemists created stable chemical dyes for the booming textile industry.

Distinctive features of the development of education and science in the first half of the 19th century were: an increase in the number of higher and secondary educational institutions and representatives of various segments of the country's population studying in them; growth in the number of scientists; the major successes achieved by Russian scientists in the development of national and world science achieved on this basis; strengthening the practical orientation of scientific research; strengthening links between science and industrial production

6. Russian discoverers and travelers.

The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors, explorers and travelers in the 17-18 centuries, they enriched the Russians' understanding of the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. Russia for the first time realized its long-held dream: its ships entered the oceans.

Work with text to insert missing words.

1. Kruzenshtern I.F. and Lisyansky Yu.F.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander 1, an expedition was undertaken on the ships Nadezhda and Neva to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. It was the first Russian expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and geographer of the 19th century.

During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island were mapped for the first time. Yu.F. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Islands of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans.

The results of the observations were presented in the report of the Academy of Sciences. Kruzenshtern I.F. was awarded the title of academician. His materials were the basis for the Atlas published in the early 1920s. South Seas". In 1845, Admiral I. F. Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society.

Map work. Match the received information with the task.

2. Bellingshausen F.F. and Lazarev M.P.

One of the students and followers of Krusenstern was Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

In 1819-1821, Bellingshausen was instructed to lead a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok and Mirny. The expedition plan was made by Kruzenshtern I.F. The main goal was designated "the acquisition of complete knowledge about our the globe” and “the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole”.

On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown at that time, which Bellingshausen called "the ice continent". After stopping in Australia, Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russian Islands.

For 751 days of navigation, Russian sailors covered about 50 thousand km. The most important geographical discoveries brought valuable collections. Observational data on the waters of the World Ocean and ice covers of a new continent for mankind.

Student's report. Put in the missing words.

3. Baranov A.A. and development of Russian America.

Alexander Alexandrovich Baranov can hardly be attributed to the discoverers or travelers in the strict sense of the word. But he was a man who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America by our compatriots.

In search of new hunting areas, Baranov studied Kodiak Island and other territories in detail, searched for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything necessary. Established exchanges with local residents. It was he who managed for the first time to truly secure vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America for Russia. Baranov's activities were extremely difficult and dangerous. The constant raids of the Indians cost the Russian settlers not only a lot of money, but also their lives. In 1802 alone, more than 200 settlers were killed while trying to establish a settlement on the island of Sitka.

Baranov's efforts were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of the Russian colonies in America. In 1804, Baranov founded the Novoarkhangelsk fortress on the island of Sitka, and then Fort Ross. In 1825 he undertook an expedition to Hawaiian Islands with a view to their accession to Russia. However, she did not bring good luck. In 1818 he received consent to leave America for his homeland. On the road, on the island of Java, Baranov died in 1819.

Map work. Match the information received with the task

4. Nevelskoy G.I. and E.V. Putyatin.

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy became the largest explorer of the Russian Far East in the middle of the 19th century.

In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855) he managed to bypass Sakhalin from the north, discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelsky's travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin was not at all connected to the mainland. And the Tatar Strait is also an island - it is a strait, and not a bay, as it was thought.

Efimy Vasilyevich Putyatin in 1822-1825 traveled around the world and left a description of what he saw to posterity. In 1852-1855. during the expedition led by him on the frigate "Pallada" the islands of Rimsky-Korsakov were discovered. Putyatin became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, which was closed to Europeans, and even signed an agreement there in 1855.

The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia.

The scientific information collected by Russian travelers was so extensive and significant that it was necessary to create special institutions for their generalization and use.

The most important of them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845. It has become the center of geographical knowledge in Russia. The organization of scientific expeditions became regular. Carrying out surveys of the population of Russia and neighboring countries. Publication of geographical and statistical collections. For the development of economic and geographical studies of Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia in 1851, the Caucasian and Siberian departments of the Russian Geographical Society were created.

8. Homework paragraphs 15. 16.